And to be clear, I have not really heard of anybody advocating for (2) for anything more than things like vocabulary and other classic “memorization is sufficient” types of learning. Pretty much everyone that uses Anki says that creating your own cards is the way to make the tool much more useful, and admit that a lot of the work is in understanding a concept enough to create well-defined, atomic cards. It was more my own deviation thinking it was an interesting idea that, with essentially zero prior interest or contextual knowledge, I could spend cumulative <5 minutes to learn that Magdeburg is the capital of Sachsen-Anhalt, or whatever, and retain that “for the rest of my life” (conditions apply, lol).